if (top != self)
if (top.location != self.location)
if (top.location != location)
if (parent.frames.length > 0)
if (window != top)
if (window.top !== window.self)
if (window.self != window.top)
if (parent && parent != window)
if (parent && parent.frames && parent.frames.length>0)
if((self.parent&&!(self.parent===self))&&(self.parent.frames.length!=0))
I recommend an authenticated encryption mode, like EAX or GCM. If you can't use authenticated encryption, use CBC or CTR mode encryption, and then apply a MAC (e.g., AES-CMAC or SHA1-HMAC) to the resulting ciphertext.
「中國在相關技術研發方面擁有深思熟慮的戰略,」美國橡樹嶺國家實驗室(Oak Ridge National Laboratory)前研究員鄧肯‧厄爾(Duncan Earl)表示。目前厄爾是量子加密技術公司Qubitekk的總裁兼首席技術長。「如果我們認為我們可以等上5到10年再應用這項技術,那就太晚了。」
像Qubitekk這樣的小型初創企業不太可能為量子加密而投入數百萬美元。但許多專家認為,更重要的工作將發生在研究實驗室,美國能源部(Department of Energy)正在為芝加哥的一個測試網路提供資金,該網路可能會更加先進。
洛斯阿拉莫斯國家實驗室(Los Alamos National laboratory)和橡樹嶺國家實驗室(Oak Ridge National laboratory)正與Qubitekk合作,利用量子加密技術保護電網,而Quantum Xchange正在把設備轉移到哈德遜街60號(Hudson Street)。哈德遜街是古老的西聯電報中心所在地,現在是曼哈頓下城的一個網路中心。
Shodan is a search engine that lets the user find specific types of computers (webcams, routers, servers, etc.) connected to the internet using a variety of filters.
Shodan collects data mostly on web servers (HTTP/HTTPS - port 80, 8080, 443, 8443), as well as FTP (port 21), SSH (port 22), Telnet (port 23), SNMP (port 161), IMAP (port 993), SMTP (port 25), SIP (port 5060), and Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP, port 554). The latter can be used to access webcams and their video stream.
The website began as Matherly's pet project, based on the fact that large numbers of devices and computer systems are connected to the Internet. Shodan users are able to find systems including traffic lights, security cameras, home heating systems as well as control systems for water parks, gas stations, water plants, power grids, nuclear power plants and particle-accelerating cyclotrons;[citation needed] most have little security. Many devices use "admin" as their user name and "1234" as their password, and the only software required to connect to them is a web browser.
In May 2013, CNN Money released an article detailing how SHODAN can be used to find dangerous systems on the Internet, including traffic light controls. They show screenshots of those systems, which provided the warning banner "DEATH MAY OCCUR !!!" upon connecting.
In September 2013, Shodan was referenced in a Forbes article claiming it was used in order to find the security flaws in TRENDnet security cameras. The next day, Forbes followed up with a second article talking about the types of things that can be found using Shodan. This included Caterpillar trucks whose onboard monitoring systems were accessible, heating and security control systems for banks, universities, and corporate giants, surveillance cameras, and fetal heart monitors.
In January 2015, Shodan was discussed in a CSO Online article addressing its pros and cons. According to one opinion, presented in the article as that of Hagai Bar-El, Shodan actually gives the public a good service, although it highlights vulnerable devices. This perspective is also described in one of his essays.
In December 2015, various news outlets, including Ars Technica, reported that a security researcher used Shodan to identify accessible MongoDB databases on thousands of systems, including one hosted by Kromtech, the developer of the MacOS security tool MacKeeper.
The primary users of Shodan are cybersecurity professionals, researchers and law enforcement agencies. While cybercriminals can also use the website, some typically have access to botnets that could accomplish the same task without detection.
Ajax 吸引 Web 開發人員的地方也是對其安全性最易受威脅的地方。眾多安全專家一致認為 Web 應用程序是網絡犯罪的一大目標,但是 Web 安全通常只是企業安全預算的一小部分。由於 Ajax 被用於開發很多可在 Web 上看到的應用程序,因此它的流行使其成為攻擊者在 JavaScript 代碼中尋找漏洞的目標。
Ajax 存在的核心是可以用它來創建數據驅動網站。真正吸引攻擊者的不是可以將 Ajax 用作 Web 應用程序開發工具,而是數據,不管是金融數據、個人數據還是機密數據,都是珍貴的在線商品,Ajax 再次發現自己成為了網絡犯罪的焦點。
但這邊值得注意的一點是,form能夠帶的 content type 只有三種:application/x-www-form-urlencoded, multipart/form-data 跟 text/plain。在上面的攻擊中我們用的是最後一種,text/plain,如果你在你的後端 Server 有檢查這個 content type 的話,是可以避免掉上面這個攻擊的。
只是,上面這幾個攻擊我們都還沒講到一種情況:如果你的 api 接受 cross origin 的 request 呢?
意思就是,如果你的 api 的 Access-Control-Allow-Origin 設成 * 的話,代表任何 domain 都可以發送 ajax 到你的 api server,這樣無論你是改成 json,或甚至把 method 改成 PUT, DELETE 都沒有用。
Same-site cookies (ne “First-Party-Only” (ne “First-Party”)) allow servers to mitigate the risk of CSRF and information leakage attacks by asserting that a particular cookie should only be sent with requests initiated from the same registrable domain.